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Parts of Drilling MachineFollowing are the main parts of drilling machines:. Base. Column. Table. Radial Arm. Drill head.
Spindle speed and Feed mechanism.BaseThe base is that part of the machine on which the verticle column is mounted. The base is made of casting. A base supports the column and worktable with other attachments.The top of the base is round column section type upright drilling machined and has T-slots on it so that large workpieces and work holding devices may be set up and bolted to it. The base of the machine may be mounted on a bench or on the floor.
ColumnThe Column is the verticle member of the machine which supports the table and the head containing all the driving mechanism. It is a cylindrical casting mounted vertically at one end of the base and supports the radial arm, which slides up and down.An electric motor at the top of the column helps in the vertical adjustment of the arm by rotating a screw passing through a nut attached to the arm. TableThe table is mounted on the column and is provided with T-slots for clamping the work directly on its face. A table is round or rectangular in shape. Radial ArmIt is mounted on the column and extends horizontally over the base. It has guideways on which drill head slides.
The radial arm moves around the column. Drill headIt is mounted on the redial arm and drives the drill spindle. In some of the drill machines, the drill head may be adjusted up or down for accommodating different heights of the work in addition to the table adjustment.It encloses all the mechanism for driving the drill at a different speed and feeds. In lighter machines, the driving motor is mounted at the rear end of the head counterbalancing the weight of the drill spindle.
Spindle speed and feed mechanismThe motor at the top of the drill head drives the horizontal spindle and the motion is transmitted to the drill head through a group of bevel gears. With another group of gears, different spindle speed and feed are obtained.The main advantage of this type of drilling machine is that holes of variable sizes at any point and at any angles can be drilled on the large-sized workpiece without moving the workpiece. Multiple speed of the spindle may be obtained as follows:. By step cone pulley drive. By step cone pulley drive with one or more back gears. gearing.
The space between drill spindles is varied to suit the gap between the holes. This type of machine tool is used to drill a large number of holes in the same job at a faster rate.The main advantage of this type of machine tool is that the series of operation can be performed with different spindle mounted with different tool bits on the same workpiece by moving it from one position to another position.
Multi Spindle Drilling MachineThis machine tool is similar to a gang drilling machine in construction. It is used to drill the number of hole in the same workpiece simultaneously and to reproduce the same work in a number of similar jobs. Drilling Machine ToolsDrill: A drill is a fluted cutting tool used to originated or enlarge a hole in a solid material. Drills are manufactured in a wide variety of types and sizes.Following are the different types of tools used in drilling machine:. Flat or spade drill tool.
Straight fluted drill tool. Two-lip twist drill tool. Parallel shank (short series or ‘’ jobbers’’ twist drill). A Parallel shank (stub series) twist drill. Parallel shank (long series) twist drill. A Parallel shank twist drill.
Taper shank core drill (Three or four fluted). Oil tube drill. Centre drill1.
Flat or Spade DrillA flat drill is sometimes used when the same sized twist drill is not available. It is usually made from a piece of round tool steel which is forged to shape and ground to size, then hardened and tempered. The cutting angle varies from 90 to 120 and the relief or clearance at the cutting edge is 3to 8. The disadvantage of this type of drill is that each time the drill id ground the diameter is reduced. Further, it cannot be relied upon to drill a true straight hole, since the point of the drill has a tendency to run out of a centre.Another difficulty of using this type of drill is that the chips do not come out from the hole automatically, but tends to pack more or less tightly, if deep holes are to be drilled. Straight Fluted Drill:A straight-fluted drill has grooves or flutes running parallel to the drill axis. A straight-fluted drill may be considered as a cutting tool having zero rakes.
This type of drill is inconvenient in standard practice as the chips do not come out from the hole automatically. It is mainly used in drilling brass, copper or other softer materials. The drill has two helical flutes with a parallel shank of approximately the shank diameter as the cutting end, which however does not exceed the diameter at the drill point.The overall length of the drill is the same as that of a taper shank twist drill of the corresponding diameter. The diameter varies from 1-5 to 26mm increasing by 0-3mm in lower series to 0-25mm in higher series. 3.4 Taper Shank Twist DrillThe drills have two helical flutes with a tapered shank for holding and driving the drill. The shank for these drills conforms to Morse tapers.The diameter ranges from 3 to 100mm.
The diameter increases by 0-3mm in lowest series having Morse taper shank No. 1, by 0-25mm in lowest series shank number 2 and 3, by 0-5mm in Morse taper shank No. 4, and by 1mm in Morse taper shank number 5 and 6.The use of Morse taper shank below 6mm size is not preferred. A drill gauge enables any drill to be readily selected by gauge. Taper Shank Core Drill (three or four fluted)These drills are intended for enlarging cored, punched or drilled holes.
These drills cannot originate a hole in a solid material because the cutting edges do not extend to the centre of the drill. The metal is removed by a chamfered edge at the end of each flute.
Cored drills produce better-finished holes than those cut by ordinary two fluted drills.The cutting action of a core drill is similar to that of a rose reamer and it is often used as a roughing reamer. In some cases, a two fluted twist drill is chosen to originate a hole half the required size and the rest is finished by a three or four fluted drills.
Oil Tube DrillThe oil tube drills are used for drilling deep holes. Oil tubes run lengthwise spirally through the body to carry oil directly to the cutting edges.Cutting fluid or compressed air is forced through the hoes to the cutting point of the drill to remove the chips, cool the cutting edge and lubricate the machined surface. Centre Drill. Drilling Machine OperationsFollowing are the different types of operations performed on the drilling machine:. Drilling operation. Reaming operation.
Boring operation. Counterboring operation. Countersinking operation. Spot facing operation. Tapping operation. Lapping operation. Grinding operation.
Trepanning operation1. DrillingDrilling is the operation of producing a cylindrical hole by removing metal from the rotating edge of a cutting tool called the drill.The drilling is one of the simplest methods of producing a hole. Before drilling the centre of the hole is located on the workpiece by drawing two lines at right angles to each other and then a centre punch is used to produce an indentation at the centre. The drill point is pressed at this centre point to produce the required hole. Drilling does not produce an accurate hole in a workpiece and the hole location is not perfect.The internal surface of the hole so generated by drilling becomes rough and the hole is always slightly oversize than the drill used due to the vibration of the spindle and the drill.
A 12mm drill may produce a hole as much as 0-125mm oversize and a 22mm drill may produce one as much as 0-5mm oversize. ReamingReaming is an accurate way of sizing and finishing a hole which has been previously drilled. In order to finish a hole and to bring it to the accurate size, the hole is drilled slightly undersize. Boring is performed in a drilling machine for reasons stated below:.
To enlarge a hole by means of an adjustable cutting tool with only one cutting edge. This is necessary where the suitable sized drill is not available or where the hole diameter is so large that it cannot be ordinarily drilled. Used to finish a hole accurately and to bring it to the required size. To machine the internal surface of a hole already produced in casting. Used to correct out of roundness of the hole.
To correct the location of the hole as the boring tool follows an independent path with respect to the hole.The cutter is held in a boring bar which has a tapered shank to fit into the spindle socket. For perfect finishing a hole, the job is drilled slightly undersize. In precision machines, the accuracy is as high as +0.00125mm.
It is a slow process than reaming and requires several passes of the toll. CounterboringCounterboring is the operation of enlarging the end of a hole cylindrically. The enlarged hole forms a square shoulder with the original hole.
This is necessary in some cases to accommodate the heads of bolts, studs and pins. A tool used for counterboring is called a counterbore. The counterbores are made with a straight or tapered shank to fit in the drill spindle. The cutting edges may have straight or spiral teeth.The tool is guided by a pilot which extends beyond the end of the cutting edges. The pilot fits into the small-diameter hole running clearance and maintains the alignment of the tool.These pilots may be interchanged for enlarging different sizes of holes. Counterboring can give an accuracy of about +0.005mm. The cutting speed for counterboring is 25% less than that of drilling operations.
CountersinkingCountersinking is the operation of making a cone-shaped enlargement of the end of a hole to provide a recess for a flat head screw or countersunk rivet fitted into the hole. LappingLapping is the operation of sizing and finishing a small diameter hole already hardened by removing a very small amount of material by using a lap. There are many kinds of lapping tools.The copper head laps are commonly used. The lap fits in the hole and is moved up and down while it revolves. GrindingGrinding operation may be performed in a drilling machine to finish a hardened hole. The grinding wheel is made to revolve with the spindle and is fed up and down.A suitable grinding wheel may be selected for surface grinding operation.
Grinding can also be done correctly out of roundness of the hole. The accuracy in grinding operation is quite high about +0.0025mm. TrepanningTrepanning is the operation of producing a hole by removing metal along the circumference of a hollow cutting tool. This operation is performed for producing large holes. Fewer chips are removed and much of the material is saved while the hole is produced.The tool may be operated at higher speeds as the vibration in diameter of the tool is limited by the narrow cutting edge.
The tool resembles a hollow tube having cutting edges at one end and a solid shank at the other to fit into the drill spindle. This is one of the efficient methods of producing a hole.That’s it, Thanks for reading. If you find this article helpful share this with your friends. Have any questions about drilling machine leave a comment.Download the PDF of this Post.
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